GHS is a system that defines and classifies the hazards of chemical products, and communicates heath and safety information on labels and material safety data sheets (called Safety Data Sheets, or SDSs, in GHS).
WHMIS 2015 is intended to protect the health and safety of workers by promoting access to information on hazardous materials used in the workplace. Find answers to frequently asked questions about the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) related to: 1. Hazardous products are divided into two hazard groups: physical hazards and health hazards. Please refer to the following OSH Answers documents for information about WHMIS 2015: WHMIS 2015 - General WHMIS 2015 - Pictograms WHMIS 2015 - Labels Biohazardous infectious materials - Class D3. hazardous workplace materials. WHMIS 2015 & Paratox New regulations. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) - provide more detailed, technical information about a GHS is an acronym for the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals, a framework that standardizes the classification and labeling of chemicals worldwide. List of Hazard Classes Physical Hazards Flammable gases Flammable aerosols Oxidizing gases Gases under pressure Flammable liquids Flammable solids Self-reactive substances and mixtures Pyrophoric liquids Pyrophoric solids Self-heating substances and mixtures EOCP CEU's: n/a. Ensure that hazardous products are properly labelled. This WHMIS safety symbol depicts a gas cylinder. The wording of the hazards has been standardized. When a product is classified as an acute toxicant, the SDS must disclose the % amount of the mixture that consists of an ingredient or ingredients of unknown acute toxicity. Canada has adopted GHS (WHMIS 2015).What does this mean? "Controlled Products" The term WHMIS means "Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System". Course Description. Although there are many benefits for learning about the elements of WHMIS (GHS) and designing a site-specific program, some benefits include but are not limited to: In order to comply with legislated requirements, worksites are required to implement measures for identifying and working with controlled products. What are the 4 key elements of WHMIS? WHMIS 2015 incorporates GHS rules on classification of hazardous products and chemicals, as well as requirements in terms of proper labelling and safety data sheets (SDS). The updated program, referred to as WHMIS 2015 has four main components: Hazard identification and product classification,Labeling.Safety data sheets.Worker education and training. Key elements of WHMIS 2015 Classification WHMIS 2015 divides hazardous products into two major hazard groups: physical hazards and health hazards.
WHMIS 2015. You can start your courses in any order (i.e. By implementing the Global Harmonized System of classification under WHMIS, Canada is included in an international effort to provide standardized procedures and unity in the workplace. CERTIFICATE VALIDITY: 1 years. Sodium sulfate | Na2SO4 or Na2O4S | CID 24436 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological . 3. GHS includes criteria for the classification of health, physical and environmental hazards, as well as specifying . It is implemented through complementary federal, provincial and territorial laws. Pictograms are assigned to specific hazard classes or categories. The . The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national hazard communication standard. WHMIS is a part of the world-renowned hazard communications system which is the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of . Handling hazardous materials incorrectly or without proper safety equipment, attention . 860 - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) s. 6(1) Frequently Asked Questions What is the GHS? Unit Content 0% Complete 0/9 Steps WHMIS: U3.T1. Ont. 2. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national hazard communication standard. This section is usually given in the lab handout and in that case you do not have to . new software! Technologies Suite 320, 715 - 5th AveSW, Calgary, Alberta T2P 2X6 Toll Free: 1-855-720-6737 www.chemscape.com .
This WHMIS hazard symbol indicates that the product may cause a fire or an explosion if not stored and handled correctly. Suppliers and employers must use and follow the WHMIS 2015 requirements for labels and safety data sheets (SDSs) for hazardous products sold, distributed, or imported into Canada. The hazard categories are assigned a number (1, 2, etc.). 6. Categories may also be called "types." Canada's implementation of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS); 2. compliance with WHMIS 2015; 3. protecting confidential business information (CBI); 4. employer requirements; 5. The hazard pictogram(s), signal word and the hazard statement(s) must be grouped together on a label.
The transition requires minimal changes that will, ultimately, result in a simpler system of classification that will increase worker safety on a global scale. WHMIS is implemented through coordinated federal, provincial, and territorial (FPT) legislation . Supplier labels must be created in English and French. What is the main difference between Whmis 1998 and the Whmis 2015 SDS formats? On February 11th, 2015, the Government of Canada published in the Canada Gazette, Part II, the Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR), which, in addition to the amendments made to the Hazardous Products Act modified the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) 1988 to incorporate the Globally Harmonized System of . It is a system that provides safety and health information for using or working with hazardous products safely for workers in Canadian workplaces. WHMIS 2015 hazard classes are a way of grouping hazardous products based on their properties. It may also be accidentally released via a broken or leaky valve. With the implementation of the GHS, the WHMIS system . The updated program, referred to as WHMIS 2015 has four main components: Hazard identification and product classification, Labeling. You can then return to take the next course/s in your Bundle Option. This group (and its classes) was not . The most protective signal word, i.e., "Danger," must be used and the signal word "Warning" must be omitted in situations where both signal words are required. Type #2: Flame over circle symbols. 1.855.SAF.T.REG (8:00am to 4:30pm, Monday -Friday) Support by e-mail support@youracsa.ca (Following business day) (Following business day) NOTE: There's a lot more to each of the three key elements of WHMIS, like Hazard Classification and Hazard Symbols, Other MSDS Sections and more responsibilities stemming from WHMIS legislation .
The key changes for WHMIS 2015 are new hazard classes, new pictograms used to communicate the hazards, and new formats for supplier labels and material safety data sheets (now called safety data sheets). In February 2015, Canada amended the Hazardous Products Act and published the Hazardous Products Regulations in order to incorporate the GHS into WHMIS To allow time for suppliers, employers and workers to adjust, implementation will take place over a multi-year transition period where both WHMIS (WHMIS 1988) and WHMIS 2015 As we already mentioned, Canada adopted several components from the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemical (GHS) in 2015. Size: 21.59 cm by 27.94 cm / 8.5 in by 11 in. Price: $15 per person (previously priced on a sliding scale) Purchase Online (listed as BCMSA WHMIS 2015) Supervisors Safety Certificate Program: n/a. WHMIS: Short QUIZ - UNIT 2. 8. Start WHMIS first). 7. The transition to the WHMIS 2015 involved a transformation period divided into three stages, synchronized nationally across federal, provincial and territorial jurisdictions. Further as can be seen in the next section not all hazard classes have entries 1-4.
BY GRAPHIC PRODUCTS STAFF. The basis for hazard classification and communication in WHMIS is changing. Poisonous and Infectious Material (causing immediate and serious effects) - Class D1 Acute toxicity (fatal or toxic) 5. Canada's adoption of GHS the UN's Globally Harmonized System for Classification & Labeling of Products has introduced the most significant changes to the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) in nearly thirty years. The goal of establishing "a globally harmonized classification and compatible labeling system, including safety data sheets and easily understandable symbols" was set out in the report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992. The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed-upon system for standardizing the classification of chemicals through labelling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS). WHMIS 2015: The hazard categories Hazardous products are divided into two hazard groups: physical hazards and health hazards. Problem: May be stated as a question or a statement. key points three key whmis elements: o appropriate supplier labels o accurate supplier sdss o comprehensive system of education, instruction and training the classification system helps us understand hazard types and severity precautions are based on hazardous product classification pictograms, signal word and hazard statement help Labels - WHMIS labels provide basic information that a worker needs to know in order to handle a hazardous product safely. Read Also: Chemical safety - 6 Very useful chemical safety tips. Course Content. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS; French: Systme d'information sur les matires dangereuses utilises au travail, SIMDUT) is Canada's national workplace hazard communication standard. Post session: Certificate (online) Course description: This course is a good first step to educating staff in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), most . On February 11, 2015, the Government of Canada officially passed the GHS (Globally Harmonized System) to better follow the internationally recognized standard for hazard classification and communication into WHMIS.Health Canada's program, WHMIS 2015, will be a transitional process to conclude December 1, 2018. The GHS is described in a book, informally known as the "Purple Book.". Symbol : Hazards : Safe Handling Measures ; Class A ; Compressed Gas . For more information, visit the national website for WHMIS 2015: www.whmis.org CHAPTER 3 WHMIS What are the 4 key elements of Whmis? correct order of elements in the whmis classification system raven and gwen skip the games greenville sc lena the plug twitter tom and jerry rule 34 the_amanda_nicole gia and noma hill the orcs bride skip the games knoxville skip the games jacksonville skip the games ocala the child julius lester summary anita blanchard and martin nesbitt . This resulted in what is now called WHMIS 2015. The pictogram's emblem depicts an "o" with the flame on top and a line below it. Each hazard class contains at least one category. Some hazard classes are specific to WHMIS 2015. What's Required in WHMIS 2015 Training. The nation-wide system is governed by both federal and provincial legislation. Key elements of WHMIS 2015.
OLD SYSTEM - WHMIS 1988 NEW SYSTEM - WHMIS 2015 .
In February 2015, Health Canada released WHMIS 2015 based on the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of controlled products. Under the new Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of SDS and Label authoring, chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors are required to update the way they classify and communicate the hazards of their products. Controlled products are divided into six classes; all have a distinctive hazard symbol assigned to assist in identifying the associated risks. Learn more about WHMIS 2015 Hazard Classes & Categories. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national standard for communicating information about hazardous workplace products. The basis for hazard classification . The main components of whmis are hazard identification and product classification, labelling, material safety data sheets, and worker training and education.
WHMIS Symbols are used in WHMIS to visually represent the type of hazard a hazardous substance presents. 03/19/2019. The key elements of the system are hazard classification, cautionary labelling of containers, the provision of (material) safety data sheets ( (M)SDSs) and worker education and training programs. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national hazard communication standard. In a series of annexes, it also provides guidance on applying the GHS, including guidance on the . WHMIS: U2.T3. Warning (less serious hazards) Danger (more serious hazards) Classification: Health Hazard . Handling biohazardous materials requires extensive PPE including hazmat suits. At the time approximately 58 elements had been identified. 1988 WHMIS Classification Symbols. It provides workers with information on safe handling, storage and use of the hazardous product and how to protect them from adverse effects related to exposures to the product. Provide access for workers to up-to-date SDSs. Its goal is to establish criteria for the classification of health, physical and environmental hazards, and specify what information should be . GHS, the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals, was developed by the United Nations as a way to bring into agreement the chemical regulations and standards of different countries. Oxidizing Material - Class C Oxidizing (liquids, solids, gases) 4. The three WHMIS key elements The three key elements of WHMIS are listed below. Inside this border is a symbol that represents the potential hazard (fire, health hazard, corrosive, etc.). These organisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
Lab Report Guidelines and Terms Science 10 ESL Title Page:Include the name of the lab, your name and lab partner(s), and the date and class period. WHMIS 2015 / GHS Classification Symbols CLASS A COMPRESSED GAS . In the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) 2015, all hazardous products must be labelled with the specified information elements listed below. Correct order of elements in the whmis classification system.
1. WHMIS has incorporated GHS elements, resulting in new standardized: Classification criteria Label requirements Safety data sheet (SDS) requirements The two hazard groups are further divided into hazard classes. The key elements of the system are hazard classification, cautionary labelling of containers, the provision of (material) safety data sheets ( (M)SDSs) and worker education and training programs. For most people who work with hazardous products, you should always: The key elements of the system are hazard classification, cautionary labelling of containers, the provision of (material) safety data sheets ((M)SDSs) and worker education and training programs.
WHMIS 2015 is intended to protect the health and safety of workers by promoting access to information on hazardous materials used in the workplace. Find answers to frequently asked questions about the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) related to: 1. Hazardous products are divided into two hazard groups: physical hazards and health hazards. Please refer to the following OSH Answers documents for information about WHMIS 2015: WHMIS 2015 - General WHMIS 2015 - Pictograms WHMIS 2015 - Labels Biohazardous infectious materials - Class D3. hazardous workplace materials. WHMIS 2015 & Paratox New regulations. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) - provide more detailed, technical information about a GHS is an acronym for the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals, a framework that standardizes the classification and labeling of chemicals worldwide. List of Hazard Classes Physical Hazards Flammable gases Flammable aerosols Oxidizing gases Gases under pressure Flammable liquids Flammable solids Self-reactive substances and mixtures Pyrophoric liquids Pyrophoric solids Self-heating substances and mixtures EOCP CEU's: n/a. Ensure that hazardous products are properly labelled. This WHMIS safety symbol depicts a gas cylinder. The wording of the hazards has been standardized. When a product is classified as an acute toxicant, the SDS must disclose the % amount of the mixture that consists of an ingredient or ingredients of unknown acute toxicity. Canada has adopted GHS (WHMIS 2015).What does this mean? "Controlled Products" The term WHMIS means "Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System". Course Description. Although there are many benefits for learning about the elements of WHMIS (GHS) and designing a site-specific program, some benefits include but are not limited to: In order to comply with legislated requirements, worksites are required to implement measures for identifying and working with controlled products. What are the 4 key elements of WHMIS? WHMIS 2015 incorporates GHS rules on classification of hazardous products and chemicals, as well as requirements in terms of proper labelling and safety data sheets (SDS). The updated program, referred to as WHMIS 2015 has four main components: Hazard identification and product classification,Labeling.Safety data sheets.Worker education and training. Key elements of WHMIS 2015 Classification WHMIS 2015 divides hazardous products into two major hazard groups: physical hazards and health hazards.
WHMIS 2015. You can start your courses in any order (i.e. By implementing the Global Harmonized System of classification under WHMIS, Canada is included in an international effort to provide standardized procedures and unity in the workplace. CERTIFICATE VALIDITY: 1 years. Sodium sulfate | Na2SO4 or Na2O4S | CID 24436 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological . 3. GHS includes criteria for the classification of health, physical and environmental hazards, as well as specifying . It is implemented through complementary federal, provincial and territorial laws. Pictograms are assigned to specific hazard classes or categories. The . The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national hazard communication standard. WHMIS is a part of the world-renowned hazard communications system which is the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of . Handling hazardous materials incorrectly or without proper safety equipment, attention . 860 - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) s. 6(1) Frequently Asked Questions What is the GHS? Unit Content 0% Complete 0/9 Steps WHMIS: U3.T1. Ont. 2. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national hazard communication standard. This section is usually given in the lab handout and in that case you do not have to . new software! Technologies Suite 320, 715 - 5th AveSW, Calgary, Alberta T2P 2X6 Toll Free: 1-855-720-6737 www.chemscape.com .
This WHMIS hazard symbol indicates that the product may cause a fire or an explosion if not stored and handled correctly. Suppliers and employers must use and follow the WHMIS 2015 requirements for labels and safety data sheets (SDSs) for hazardous products sold, distributed, or imported into Canada. The hazard categories are assigned a number (1, 2, etc.). 6. Categories may also be called "types." Canada's implementation of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS); 2. compliance with WHMIS 2015; 3. protecting confidential business information (CBI); 4. employer requirements; 5. The hazard pictogram(s), signal word and the hazard statement(s) must be grouped together on a label.
The transition requires minimal changes that will, ultimately, result in a simpler system of classification that will increase worker safety on a global scale. WHMIS is implemented through coordinated federal, provincial, and territorial (FPT) legislation . Supplier labels must be created in English and French. What is the main difference between Whmis 1998 and the Whmis 2015 SDS formats? On February 11th, 2015, the Government of Canada published in the Canada Gazette, Part II, the Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR), which, in addition to the amendments made to the Hazardous Products Act modified the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) 1988 to incorporate the Globally Harmonized System of . It is a system that provides safety and health information for using or working with hazardous products safely for workers in Canadian workplaces. WHMIS 2015 hazard classes are a way of grouping hazardous products based on their properties. It may also be accidentally released via a broken or leaky valve. With the implementation of the GHS, the WHMIS system . The updated program, referred to as WHMIS 2015 has four main components: Hazard identification and product classification, Labeling. You can then return to take the next course/s in your Bundle Option. This group (and its classes) was not . The most protective signal word, i.e., "Danger," must be used and the signal word "Warning" must be omitted in situations where both signal words are required. Type #2: Flame over circle symbols. 1.855.SAF.T.REG (8:00am to 4:30pm, Monday -Friday) Support by e-mail support@youracsa.ca (Following business day) (Following business day) NOTE: There's a lot more to each of the three key elements of WHMIS, like Hazard Classification and Hazard Symbols, Other MSDS Sections and more responsibilities stemming from WHMIS legislation .
The key changes for WHMIS 2015 are new hazard classes, new pictograms used to communicate the hazards, and new formats for supplier labels and material safety data sheets (now called safety data sheets). In February 2015, Canada amended the Hazardous Products Act and published the Hazardous Products Regulations in order to incorporate the GHS into WHMIS To allow time for suppliers, employers and workers to adjust, implementation will take place over a multi-year transition period where both WHMIS (WHMIS 1988) and WHMIS 2015 As we already mentioned, Canada adopted several components from the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemical (GHS) in 2015. Size: 21.59 cm by 27.94 cm / 8.5 in by 11 in. Price: $15 per person (previously priced on a sliding scale) Purchase Online (listed as BCMSA WHMIS 2015) Supervisors Safety Certificate Program: n/a. WHMIS: Short QUIZ - UNIT 2. 8. Start WHMIS first). 7. The transition to the WHMIS 2015 involved a transformation period divided into three stages, synchronized nationally across federal, provincial and territorial jurisdictions. Further as can be seen in the next section not all hazard classes have entries 1-4.
BY GRAPHIC PRODUCTS STAFF. The basis for hazard classification and communication in WHMIS is changing. Poisonous and Infectious Material (causing immediate and serious effects) - Class D1 Acute toxicity (fatal or toxic) 5. Canada's adoption of GHS the UN's Globally Harmonized System for Classification & Labeling of Products has introduced the most significant changes to the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) in nearly thirty years. The goal of establishing "a globally harmonized classification and compatible labeling system, including safety data sheets and easily understandable symbols" was set out in the report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992. The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed-upon system for standardizing the classification of chemicals through labelling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS). WHMIS 2015: The hazard categories Hazardous products are divided into two hazard groups: physical hazards and health hazards. Problem: May be stated as a question or a statement. key points three key whmis elements: o appropriate supplier labels o accurate supplier sdss o comprehensive system of education, instruction and training the classification system helps us understand hazard types and severity precautions are based on hazardous product classification pictograms, signal word and hazard statement help Labels - WHMIS labels provide basic information that a worker needs to know in order to handle a hazardous product safely. Read Also: Chemical safety - 6 Very useful chemical safety tips. Course Content. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS; French: Systme d'information sur les matires dangereuses utilises au travail, SIMDUT) is Canada's national workplace hazard communication standard. Post session: Certificate (online) Course description: This course is a good first step to educating staff in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), most . On February 11, 2015, the Government of Canada officially passed the GHS (Globally Harmonized System) to better follow the internationally recognized standard for hazard classification and communication into WHMIS.Health Canada's program, WHMIS 2015, will be a transitional process to conclude December 1, 2018. The GHS is described in a book, informally known as the "Purple Book.". Symbol : Hazards : Safe Handling Measures ; Class A ; Compressed Gas . For more information, visit the national website for WHMIS 2015: www.whmis.org CHAPTER 3 WHMIS What are the 4 key elements of Whmis? correct order of elements in the whmis classification system raven and gwen skip the games greenville sc lena the plug twitter tom and jerry rule 34 the_amanda_nicole gia and noma hill the orcs bride skip the games knoxville skip the games jacksonville skip the games ocala the child julius lester summary anita blanchard and martin nesbitt . This resulted in what is now called WHMIS 2015. The pictogram's emblem depicts an "o" with the flame on top and a line below it. Each hazard class contains at least one category. Some hazard classes are specific to WHMIS 2015. What's Required in WHMIS 2015 Training. The nation-wide system is governed by both federal and provincial legislation. Key elements of WHMIS 2015.
OLD SYSTEM - WHMIS 1988 NEW SYSTEM - WHMIS 2015 .
In February 2015, Health Canada released WHMIS 2015 based on the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of controlled products. Under the new Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of SDS and Label authoring, chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors are required to update the way they classify and communicate the hazards of their products. Controlled products are divided into six classes; all have a distinctive hazard symbol assigned to assist in identifying the associated risks. Learn more about WHMIS 2015 Hazard Classes & Categories. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national standard for communicating information about hazardous workplace products. The basis for hazard classification . The main components of whmis are hazard identification and product classification, labelling, material safety data sheets, and worker training and education.
WHMIS Symbols are used in WHMIS to visually represent the type of hazard a hazardous substance presents. 03/19/2019. The key elements of the system are hazard classification, cautionary labelling of containers, the provision of (material) safety data sheets ( (M)SDSs) and worker education and training programs. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada's national hazard communication standard. In a series of annexes, it also provides guidance on applying the GHS, including guidance on the . WHMIS: U2.T3. Warning (less serious hazards) Danger (more serious hazards) Classification: Health Hazard . Handling biohazardous materials requires extensive PPE including hazmat suits. At the time approximately 58 elements had been identified. 1988 WHMIS Classification Symbols. It provides workers with information on safe handling, storage and use of the hazardous product and how to protect them from adverse effects related to exposures to the product. Provide access for workers to up-to-date SDSs. Its goal is to establish criteria for the classification of health, physical and environmental hazards, and specify what information should be . GHS, the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals, was developed by the United Nations as a way to bring into agreement the chemical regulations and standards of different countries. Oxidizing Material - Class C Oxidizing (liquids, solids, gases) 4. The three WHMIS key elements The three key elements of WHMIS are listed below. Inside this border is a symbol that represents the potential hazard (fire, health hazard, corrosive, etc.). These organisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
Lab Report Guidelines and Terms Science 10 ESL Title Page:Include the name of the lab, your name and lab partner(s), and the date and class period. WHMIS 2015 / GHS Classification Symbols CLASS A COMPRESSED GAS . In the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) 2015, all hazardous products must be labelled with the specified information elements listed below. Correct order of elements in the whmis classification system.
1. WHMIS has incorporated GHS elements, resulting in new standardized: Classification criteria Label requirements Safety data sheet (SDS) requirements The two hazard groups are further divided into hazard classes. The key elements of the system are hazard classification, cautionary labelling of containers, the provision of (material) safety data sheets ( (M)SDSs) and worker education and training programs. For most people who work with hazardous products, you should always: The key elements of the system are hazard classification, cautionary labelling of containers, the provision of (material) safety data sheets ((M)SDSs) and worker education and training programs.